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sunlight, signals an antimicrobial response to the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Other studies have determined that vitamin D in the body enhances the capabilities of the immune system.Vitamin E: A study involving healthy subjects over 65 showed that increasing the daily dose of vitamin E from the recommended dietary allowance of 30 units (IU) to 200 increased antibody response to hepatitis B and tetanus after vaccina- tion. We know that as we age we grow more susceptible to disease and infec- tion, and vitamin E can help protect our bodies.Ginseng: Even now, it is not clear how the phytonutrient from the root of the ginseng plant (ginsenoside) works, but claims of health benefits from Asian ginseng are numerous, including the ability to stimulate immune function. More than 4,000years of Chinese use should provide some indication.Probiotics: There are hundreds of species of bacteria in the digestive system that perform various activities and help us digest food. It is now known that certain bacteria in the gut can boost various functions of the immune system, such as correcting deficiencies and increasing the number of T-cells, the protective cells that fight off infections. Precisely how bacteria interact with immune system components is yet to be understood, but more and more evidence supports the conclusion that intestinal bacteria help bolster the immune system. Probiotics are good bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, that safely dwell in the digestive tract. We can now find probiotics listed on the labels of dairy products, drinks, cereals and many other foods, both traditional and modern.In general, to improve immune function it is recommended to take in more fruits and vegetables, which are rich in phytonutrients such as vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene and trace elements like zinc. Brightly coloured fruits and vegetables such as berries, citrus, apples, red grapes, onions, spinach, potatoes, tomatoes and carrots are especially helpful. For convenience and to ensure intake of indispensable nutrients, a daily multivitamin and mineral tablet is also recommended.Stress weakens immunityIt is normal that human beings, from time to time, encounter stress. If stress continues for a long time, however, it makes us more vulnerable to illness, from mild afflictions such as colds to serious cardiovascular malfunction. Chronic stress exposes the body to a stream of stress hormones that suppress the immune system. We may not be able to get rid of stress, but we can learn to manage it, perhaps through medita- tion, pursuing a slower life, staying connected with people and working out to let off steam. Counselling can also be a big help.Easing stress in turn lowers levels of the hormone and helps us sleep better, further improving immune function. People who meditate regu- larly may have healthier immune responses. Having strong relation- ships and a good social network is good for you; people who feel connected to friends, whether a few close friends or a large group, have stronger immunity than those who feel alone, and this has been confirmed by many studies. Although there are many other elements that affect health, pursuing meaningful connections with people is always a good idea.Exercise enhances immunity44 Elite+Regular exercise is one of the