The Document which Changed the World - The Third of May Constitution
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The Document which Changed the World - The Third of May Constitution
The Third of May Constitution, also known as the Constitution of May 3, 1791, was a groundbreaking legislative document in Polish and European history. In its essence the document is celebrated as a symbol of national pride, reform and forward thinking within the frames of enlightened spirt which reverberated across entire Europe. It was adopted by the Polish Parliament of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The document addressed various political, social and economic issues that at that time were on the very agenda of Polish raison d'etat.
The May 3rd Constitution sought to strengthen the Commonwealth and modernize its political system. The Constitution aimed to establish a constitutional monarchy, reducing the power of the nobility and increasing the influence of the central government. It introduced the separation of powers among the legislative, executive and judicial branches, striving to create a more balanced and effective governance structure. The Constitution sought to reduce the privileges of the nobility while also improving the status and rights of townspeople and peasants, marking a step towards more equal representation. It promoted religious tolerance and freedom, underscoring the need for peaceful coexistence among different religious communities.
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“Jan Matejko – The painting depicts King Stanislaus Augustus together with members of the Grand Sejm and inhabitants of Warsaw entering St John’s Cathedral in order to swear in the new national constitution just after it had been adopted by the Grand Sejm in the Royal Castle visible in the background. May 3rd Constitution was the first written national constitution in Europe, and the world’s second, after the United States Constitution. The May 3rd Constitution was adopted by the Sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on May 3, 1791.” National Museum of Poland Catalogue
Though the Third of May Constitution was short-lived due to external pressures and partitions by neighbouring powers, its impact was profound:
- The document inspired other nations and grassroots movements by demonstrating the possibility of progressive change through legislative reform.
- Symbol of National Identity: Today, the Constitution is celebrated in Poland on Constitution Day, May 3rd, symbolizing the enduring spirit of Polish sovereignty, resilience and unrelenting will for equality among people and nations.
- Impact on Future Constitutions: The May 3rd Constitution influenced later constitutional designs with its emphasis on democratic principles and human rights.
The Third of May Constitution remains a significant milestone in Poland's history. It showcased the vision of an enlightened and reform-minded leadership eager to modernize the nation and secure its future. Despite its eventual annulment, its legacy continues to inspire discussions on governance, reform, and national identity.
Photo courtesy by The Embassy of Poland
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